2013년 10월 26일 토요일

Lazaro Yoshioka's blog ::Phoenix Criminal Law Attorney Notes Changes to Arizona Child Prostitution and Sexting Laws






Lazaro Yoshioka's blog ::Phoenix Criminal Law Attorney Notes Changes to Arizona Child Prostitution and Sexting Laws










Ｃｒｉｍｉｎａｌ               Ｄｅｆｅｎｓｅ               Ｃａｓｅ               Ａｎａｌｙｓｉｓ               Ｔｈｒｏｕｇｈｏｕｔ               ｔｈｉｓ               ｄｏｃｕｍｅｎｔ               ａ               ｄｉｓｃｕｓｓｉｏｎ               ｏｆ               ｔｗｏ               ｍａｉｎ               ｄｅｆｅｎｓｅ               ｔｙｐｅｓ               ｕｓｅｄ               ｗｉｔｈｉｎ               ｏｕｒ               ｃｒｉｍｉｎａｌ               ｊｕｓｔｉｃｅ               ｓｙｓｔｅｍ               ｗｉｌｌ               ｂｅ               ｅｘｐｌｏｒｅｄ:               ｆａｃｔｕａｌ               ａｎｄ               ｌｅｇａｌ.

Ｔｈｅ               ｆａｃｔｕａｌ               ｄｅｆｅｎｓｅ               ｗｉｌｌ               ｂｅ               ｅｘｔｒｅｍｅｌｙ               ｂｒｉｅｆ               ｂｕｔ               ｔｈｅ               ｌｅｇａｌ               ｄｅｆｅｎｓｅ               ｗｉｌｌ               ｏｆｆｅｒ               ｔｗｏ               ｓｕｂ-ｇｒｏｕｐ               ｄｅｆｅｎｓｅｓ               ｊｕｓｔｉｆｉｃａｔｉｏｎ               ａｎｄ               ｅｘｃｕｓｅ               ａｌｏｎｇ               ｗｉｔｈ               ｓｉｘ               ｓｕｂ-ｃａｔｅｇｏｒｉｅｓ               ｆｏｒ               ｅａｃｈ.

Ｊｕｓｔｉｆｉｃａｔｉｏｎｓ               ｓｉｘ               ｓｕｂ-ｇｒｏｕｐｓ               ｃｏｎｓｉｓｔ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｎｅｃｅｓｓｉｔｙ               ｄｅｆｅｎｓｅ,               ｓｅｌｆ-ｄｅｆｅｎｓｅ,               ｄｅｆｅｎｓｅ               ｏｆ               ｏｔｈｅｒｓ,               ｄｅｆｅｎｓｅ               ｏｆ               ｈｏｍｅ               ａｎｄ               ｐｒｏｐｅｒｔｙ,               ｒｅｓｉｓｔｉｎｇ               ｕｎｌａｗｆｕｌ               ａｒｒｅｓｔ,               ａｎｄ               ｃｏｎｓｅｎｔ.

Ｔｈｅ               ｅｘｃｕｓｅ               ｄｅｆｅｎｓｅ               ｃｏｎｓｉｓｔｓ               ｏｆ               ｄｕｒｅｓｓ,               ｉｎｔｏｘｉｃａｔｉｏｎ,               ｍｉｓｔａｋｅ,               ａｇｅ,               ｅｎｔｒａｐｍｅｎｔ,               ａｎｄ               ｓｙｎｄｒｏｍｅ-ｂａｓｅｄ.

Ｉｎ               ａｄｄｉｔｉｏｎ               ａ               ｂｒｉｅｆ               ｄｉｓｃｕｓｓｉｏｎ               ｏｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｌｅｇａｌ               ａｎｄ               ｍｅｄｉｃａｌ               ｐｅｒｓｐｅｃｔｉｖｅｓ               ｍｅｎｔａｌ               ｉｌｌｎｅｓｓ               ａｎｄ               ｉｎｓａｎｉｔｙ               ｐｌａｙ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｃｏｕｒｔ               ｒｏｏｍ               ｗｉｌｌ               ｆｕｒｔｈｅｒ               ｂｅ               ｐｒｅｓｅｎｔｅｄ.
               Ｗｈｅｎ               ａ               ｆａｃｔｕａｌ               ｄｅｆｅｎｓｅ               ｉｓ               ｕｓｅｄ               ｄｕｒｉｎｇ               ａ               ｃｒｉｍｉｎａｌ               ｔｒｉａｌ               ｔｈｅ               ｄｅｆｅｎｄａｎｔ               ａｎｄ               ａｔｔｏｒｎｅｙ               ａｒｅ               ｃｌａｉｍｉｎｇ               ｔｏ               ｔｈｅ               ｃｏｕｒｔ               ｔｈｅ               ｄｅｆｅｎｄａｎｔ               ｈａｄ               ｎｏｔｈｉｎｇ               ｔｏ               ｄｏ               ｗｉｔｈ               ｔｈｅ               ｃｒｉｍｉｎａｌ               ｏｆｆｅｎｓｅ               ｔｈａｔ               ｔｏｏｋ               ｐｌａｃｅ.

Ａｓ               ａ               ｒｅｓｕｌｔ               ｔｈｅ               ｄｅｆｅｎｄａｎｔ               ｉｓ               ｓｅｅｋｉｎｇ               ｎｏｔ               ｔｏ               ｂｅ               ｈｅｌｄ               ｃｒｉｍｉｎａｌｌｙ               ｌｉａｂｌｅ               ｆｏｒ               ｔｈｅ               ｃｈａｒｇｅｓ               ｂｒｏｕｇｈｔ               ｆｏｒｔｈ               ｂｙ               ｔｈｅ               ｓｔａｔｅ.

Ｔｈｅ               ｄｅｆｅｎｄａｎｔ               ｍｉｇｈｔ               ｃｌａｉｍ               ｈｅ               ｏｒ               ｓｈｅ               ｗａｓ               ｉｎ               ａｎｏｔｈｅｒ               ｌｏｃａｔｉｏｎ               ｄｕｒｉｎｇ               ｔｈｅ               ｔｉｍｅ               ｔｈｅ               ｃｒｉｍｅ               ｏｃｃｕｒｒｅｄ               ａｎｄ               ｍａｙ               ｈａｖｅ               ａｎ               ａｌｉｂｉ               ａｓ               ｋｅｙ               ｐｉｅｃｅ               ｏｆ               ｅｖｉｄｅｎｃｅ.
               Ｔｈｅ               ｓｅｃｏｎｄ               ｔｙｐｅ               ｏｆ               ｄｅｆｅｎｓｅ               ｉｓ               ｔｈｅ               ｌｅｇａｌ               ｄｅｆｅｎｓｅ               ａｎｄ               ｉｔ               ｃｏｎｓｉｓｔｓ               ｏｆ               ｔｗｏ               ｇｒｏｕｐｓ:               ｊｕｓｔｉｆｉｃａｔｉｏｎ               ａｎｄ               ｅｘｃｕｓｅ,               ｗｉｔｈ               ｅａｃｈ               ｃｏｎｓｉｓｔｉｎｇ               ｏｆ               ｓｉｘ               ｓｕｂ-ｃａｔｅｇｏｒｉｅｓ.

Ｊｕｓｔｉｆｉｃａｔｉｏｎ               ｏｃｃｕｒｓ               ｗｈｅｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｄｅｆｅｎｄａｎｔ               ａｄｍｉｔｓ               ｔｏ               ｃｏｍｍｉｔｔｉｎｇ               ｔｈｅ               ｃｒｉｍｉｎａｌ               ａｃｔ               ａｎｄ               ｂｅｌｉｅｖｅｓ               ｔｈｅ               ａｃｔ               ｗａｓ               ｎｅｃｅｓｓａｒｙ               ｉｎ               ｏｒｄｅｒ               ｔｏ               ｐｒｅｖｅｎｔ               ａ               ｇｒｅａｔｅｒ               ｈａｒｍ.
               1.

Ｎｅｃｅｓｓｉｔｙ               ｓｅｔｓ               ｔｈｅ               ｇｒｏｕｎｄｓ               ｆｏｒ               ｅａｃｈ               ｊｕｓｔｉｆｉｃａｔｉｏｎ               ｐｒｅｓｅｎｔｅｄ.

Ｗｈｅｎ               ａ               ｄｅｆｅｎｄａｎｔ               ｂｒｉｎｇｓ               ｉｎｔｏ               ｐｌａｙ               ｔｈｅ               ｎｅｃｅｓｓｉｔｙ               ｄｅｆｅｎｓｅ               ｈｅ               ｏｒ               ｓｈｅ               ｉｓ               ｃｌａｉｍｉｎｇ               ｔｈｅ               ｕｎｌａｗｆｕｌ               ｃｏｕｒｓｅ               ｏｆ               ａｃｔｉｏｎ               ｔａｋｅｎ               ｗａｓ               ｎｅｃｅｓｓａｒｙ               ａｓ               ｉｔ               ｐｒｅｖｅｎｔｅｄ               ｏｒ               ａｓｓｉｓｔｅｄ               ｗｉｔｈ               ａｖｏｉｄｉｎｇ               ａ               ｇｒｅａｔｅｒ               ｈａｒｍ               ｔｏ               ｔｈｅ               ｄｅｆｅｎｄａｎｔ               ｏｒ               ａ               ｔｈｉｒｄ               ｐａｒｔｙ               (Ｕｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙ               ｏｆ               Ｐｈｏｅｎｉｘ,               2010).
               2.

Ｓｅｌｆ-ｄｅｆｅｎｓｅ               ａｎｄ               ｄｅａｄｌｙ               ｆｏｒｃｅ               ｉｓ               ｅｓｔａｂｌｉｓｈｅｄ               ｗｈｅｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｄｅｆｅｎｄａｎｔ               ｄｉｓｐｌａｙｓ               ｔｏ               ｔｈｅ               ｃｏｕｒｔ               ｔｈｅ               ａｔｔａｃｋｅｒ               ｃｒｅａｔｅｄ               ａ               ｄｅｇｒｅｅ               ｏｆ               ｆｅａｒ               ｗｈｉｃｈ               ｆｏｒｃｅｄ               ｔｈｅ               ｄｅｆｅｎｄａｎｔ               ｔｏ               ｕｓｅ               ａ               ｌｅｖｅｌ               ｏｆ               ｆｏｒｃｅ               ａｎｙ               ｒｅａｓｏｎａｂｌｅ               ｐｅｒｓｏｎ               ｕｎｄｅｒ               ｔｈｅ               ｓａｍｅ               ｓｉｔｕａｔｉｏｎ               ｗｏｕｌｄ               ａｐｐｌｙ               ａｓ               ａ               ｍｅａｎｓ               ｔｏ               ａｖｏｉｄ               ｉｍｍｉｎｅｎｔ               ｉｎｊｕｒｙ               ｏｒ               ｄｅａｔｈ.

Ｄｅｐｅｎｄｉｎｇ               ｏｎ               ｊｕｒｉｓｄｉｃｔｉｏｎ,               ａｎ               ｉｎｄｉｖｉｄｕａｌ               ｍａｙ               ｎｅｅｄ               ｔｏ               ｐｒｏｖｅ               ｈｅ               ｏｒ               ｓｈｅ               ａｔｔｅｍｐｔｅｄ               ｔｏ               ｆｌｅｅ               ｆｏｒ               ｓａｆｅｔｙ               ｂｕｔ               ｗａｓ               ｕｎｓｕｃｃｅｓｓｆｕｌ,               ａｎ               ａｐｐａｒｅｎｔ               ｄａｎｇｅｒ               ｅｘｉｓｔｅｄ,               ａ               ｐｒｅｅｍｐｔｉｖｅ               ａｎｄ               ｒｅｖｅｎｇｅ               ｓｔｒｉｋｅ               ｄｉｄ               ｎｏｔ               ｔａｋｅ               ｐｌａｃｅ               ｂｙ               ｔｈｅ               ｄｅｆｅｎｄａｎｔ               ｏｎ               ｔｈｅ               ａｔｔａｃｋｅｒ,               ａｎｄ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｅｖｅｎｔ               ｔｈｅ               ｄｅｆｅｎｄａｎｔ               ｇｅｔｓ               ｔｈｅ               ｕｐｐｅｒ               ｈａｎｄ,               ｔｈｅ               ｄｅｆｅｎｄａｎｔ               ｄｉｓｃｏｎｔｉｎｕｅｄ               ａｌｌ               ｏｆｆｅｎｓｉｖｅ               ａｔｔａｃｋｓ               ａｎｄ               ｆｌｅｄ               ｔｏ               ｓａｆｅｔｙ               (Ｔｅｅｎｓ               Ｈｅａｌｔｈ,               2010).
               3.

Ｔｈｅ               Ｄｅｆｅｎｓｅ               ｏｆ               ｏｔｈｅｒｓ               ｃａｎ               ｂｅ               ｕｓｅｄ               ｗｈｅｎ               ａｎ               ｉｎｄｉｖｉｄｕａｌ               ｗｉｔｎｅｓｓｅｓ               ａｎｏｔｈｅｒ               ｉｎｄｉｖｉｄｕａｌ               ｂｅｉｎｇ               ｖｉｃｔｉｍｉｚｅｄ               ｔｏ               ｔｈｅ               ｐｏｉｎｔ               ｓｅｒｉｏｕｓ               ｉｎｊｕｒｙ               ｏｒ               ｄｅａｔｈ               ｉｓ               ｍｏｓｔ               ｌｉｋｅｌｙ               ｔｏ               ｏｃｃｕｒ.

Ｍｏｒｅｏｖｅｒ,               ｓｏｍｅ               ｓｔａｔｅｓ               ａｌｌｏｗ               ａｎ               ｉｎｄｉｖｉｄｕａｌ               ｔｏ               ｉｎｔｅｒｖｅｎｅ               ｔｏ               ａ               ｌｅｖｅｌ               ｉｎ               ｗｈｉｃｈ               ｔｈｅ               ｔｈｉｒｄ               ｐａｒｔｙ               ｃｏｕｌｄ               ａｃｔ.

Ｔｈｅ               ｄｅｆｅｎｄａｎｔ               ｍａｙ               ｎｏｔ               ａｓｓｉｓｔ               ｔｈｅ               ｔｈｉｒｄ               ｐａｒｔｙ               ｄｕｒｉｎｇ               ａ               ｌａｗｆｕｌ               ａｃｔ,               ｓｕｃｈ               ａｓ               ａ               ｌａｗ               ｅｎｆｏｒｃｅｍｅｎｔ               ｏｆｆｉｃｅｒ               ｍａｋｉｎｇ               ａｎ               ａｒｒｅｓｔ               ｏｒ               ｉｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｔｈｉｒｄ               ｐａｒｔｙ               ｗａｓ               ｉｎｉｔｉａｌｌｙ               ｔｈｅ               ｉｎｓｔｉｇａｔｏｒ               (Ｕｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙ               ｏｆ               Ｐｈｏｅｎｉｘ,               2010).
               4.

Ａ               ｖａｓｔ               ｍａｊｏｒｉｔｙ               ｏｆ               ｓｔａｔｅｓ               ｄｏ               ｎｏｔ               ａｌｌｏｗ               ａｎ               ｉｎｄｉｖｉｄｕａｌ               ｔｏ               ｕｓｅ               ｄｅａｄｌｙ               ｆｏｒｃｅ               ｔｏ               ｐｒｏｔｅｃｔ               ｐｒｏｐｅｒｔｙ               ｏｆ               ａｎｙ               ｋｉｎｄ.

Ｔｈｅｒｅ               ａｒｅ               ａ               ｆｅｗ               ｓｔａｔｅｓ,               ｓｕｃｈ               ａｓ               Ｏｋｌａｈｏｍａ               ａｎｄ               Ｆｌｏｒｉｄａ               ｆｏｒ               ｉｎｓｔａｎｃｅ               ｔｈａｔ               ｄｏ               ａｌｌｏｗ               ｔｈｅ               ｕｓｅ               ｏｆ               ｄｅａｄｌｙ               ｆｏｒｃｅ               ｂｕｔ               ｏｎｌｙ               ｕｎｄｅｒ               ｃｅｒｔａｉｎ               ｃｉｒｃｕｍｓｔａｎｃｅｓ,               ｓｕｃｈ               ａｓ               ａ               ｃａｒｊａｃｋｉｎｇ.

Ｔｈｅ               ｅｌｅｍｅｎｔｓ               ｔｈａｔ               ｃｏｍｐｏｓｅ               ｔｈｅ               ｄｅｆｅｎｓｅ               ｏｆ               ｏｎｅ'ｓ               ｈｏｍｅ               ａｎｄ               ｐｒｏｐｅｒｔｙ               ａｒｅ:               ｐｒｏｔｅｃｔｉｏｎ               ｏｆ               ｐｅｒｓｏｎａｌ               ｐｒｏｐｅｒｔｙ,               ｏｆ               ａ               ｈｏｍｅ               ｏｒ               ｈａｂｉｔａｔｉｏｎ,               ａｎｏｔｈｅｒ               ｉｎｄｉｖｉｄｕａｌ'ｓ               ｐｒｏｐｅｒｔｙ,               ａｎｄ               ｕｓｅ               ｏｆ               ａ               ｍｅｃｈａｎｉｃａｌ               ｄｅｖｉｃｅ.

Ｆｕｒｔｈｅｒｍｏｒｅ,               ｓｏｍｅ               ｊｕｒｉｓｄｉｃｔｉｏｎｓ               ａｌｌｏｗ               ｏｎｅ               ｔｏ               ｄｅｆｅｎｄ               ａ               ｂｕｓｉｎｅｓｓ               ｂｕｔ               ｗｉｔｈ               ｎｏｎ-ｌｅｔｈａｌ               ｆｏｒｃｅ               (Ｇｏｏｇｌｅ,               2010).
               5.

Ａｎｙ               ｉｎｄｉｖｉｄｕａｌ               ｗｈｏ               ｒｅｓｉｓｔｓ               ａ               ｌａｗｆｕｌ               ａｒｒｅｓｔ               ｉｎ               ａｎｙ               ｓｔａｔｅ               ｃａｎ               ｂｅ               ｈｅｌｄ               ｃｒｉｍｉｎａｌｌｙ               ｌｉａｂｌｅ.

Ｂｕｔ               ｒｅｓｉｓｔｉｎｇ               ａｎ               ｕｎｌａｗｆｕｌ               ａｒｒｅｓｔ               ｉｎ               ｓｏｍｅ               ｊｕｒｉｓｄｉｃｔｉｏｎｓ               ｉｓ               ｊｕｓｔｉｆｉａｂｌｅ               ｓｏ               ｌｏｎｇ               ａｓ               ｔｈｅ               ｌｅｖｅｌ               ｏｆ               ｒｅｓｉｓｔａｎｃｅ               ａｎｄ               ｃｏｎｄｉｔｉｏｎｓ               ｃｏｉｎｃｉｄｅ               ｗｉｔｈ               ｔｈａｔ               ｓｔａｔｅｓ               ｌａｗｓ.

Ｉｎ               ｏｒｄｅｒ               ｔｏ               ｐｒｅｖｅｎｔ               ａｎ               ｕｎｌａｗｆｕｌ               ａｒｒｅｓｔ               ｃｅｒｔａｉｎ               ｓｔａｔｅｓ               ｒｅｑｕｉｒｅ               ａｎ               ｏｆｆｉｃｅｒ               ｔｏ               ｉｎｆｏｒｍ               ｔｈｅ               ｓｕｓｐｅｃｔ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｃｈａｒｇｅｓ               ｂｒｏｕｇｈｔ               ｆｏｒｔｈ               ａｎｄ               ｕｓｅ               ａ               ｖａｌｉｄ               ａｒｒｅｓｔ               ｗａｒｒａｎｔ               ｉｎ               ｓｉｔｕａｔｉｏｎｓ               ｗｈｅｒｅ               ａ               ｗａｒｒａｎｔ               ｉｓ               ｒｅｑｕｉｒｅｄ               (Ｕｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙ               ｏｆ               Ｐｈｏｅｎｉｘ,               2010).
               6.

Ｔｈｅ               ｃｏｎｓｅｎｔ               ｄｅｆｅｎｓｅ               ｉｓ               ｔｈｅ               ｌａｓｔ               ｔｙｐｅ               ｏｆ               ｄｅｆｅｎｓｅ               ａｎｄ               ａｓｓｅｒｔｓ               ｔｈａｔ               ａｎ               ｉｎｄｉｖｉｄｕａｌ               ｗｈｏ               ｗａｓ               ｉｎｊｕｒｅｄ               ｏｒ               ｋｉｌｌｅｄ               ｄｕｒｉｎｇ               ｔｈｅ               ｔｉｍｅ               ｔｈｅ               ｃｒｉｍｅ               ｏｃｃｕｒｒｅｄ               ｅｉｔｈｅｒ               ａｇｒｅｅｄ               ｔｏ               ｔｈｅ               ａｃｔｉｏｎｓ               ｐｅｒｆｏｒｍｅｄ               ｏｒ               ｕｎｄｅｒｓｔａｎｄ               ｂｅｆｏｒｅｈａｎｄ               ｔｈｅ               ｎｅｇａｔｉｖｅ               ｃｏｎｓｅｑｕｅｎｃｅｓ               ｔｈａｔ               ｅｘｉｓｔ               ｗｈｉｌｅ               ｅｎｇａｇｉｎｇ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｓｐｅｃｉｆｉｃ               ａｃｔｉｖｉｔｙ               (Ｕｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙ               ｏｆ               Ｐｈｏｅｎｉｘ,               2010).
               Ａｎ               ｅｘｃｕｓｅ               ｄｅｆｅｎｓｅ               ｉｓ               ａ               ｐｅｒｓｏｎａｌ               ｃｏｎｄｉｔｉｏｎ               ｏｒ               ｃｉｒｃｕｍｓｔａｎｃｅ               ｔｈａｔ               ｏｃｃｕｒｒｅｄ               ｄｕｒｉｎｇ               ｔｈｅ               ｔｉｍｅ               ｔｈｅ               ｃｒｉｍｉｎａｌ               ｏｆｆｅｎｓｅ               ｔｏｏｋ               ｐｌａｃｅ,               ａｎｄ               ａｓ               ａ               ｒｅｓｕｌｔ               ｔｈｅ               ｄｅｆｅｎｄａｎｔ               ｂｅｌｉｅｖｅｓ               ｈｅ               ｏｒ               ｓｈｅ               ｓｈｏｕｌｄ               ｎｏｔ               ｂｅ               ｈｅｌｄ               ｃｒｉｍｉｎａｌｌｙ               ｌｉａｂｌｅ               ｕｎｄｅｒ               ｃｒｉｍｉｎａｌ               ｌａｗ.
               1.

Ｄｕｒｅｓｓ               ｉｓ               ａ               ｄｅｆｅｎｓｅ               ｉｎ               ｗｈｉｃｈ               ｔｈｅ               ｄｅｆｅｎｄａｎｔ               ｃｏｍｍｉｔｓ               ａｎ               ｉｌｌｅｇａｌ               ａｃｔ               ａｓ               ａ               ｒｅｓｕｌｔ               ｏｆ               ｂｅｉｎｇ               ｃｏｅｒｃｅｄ,               ｖｅｒｂａｌｌｙ               ｏｒ               ｐｈｙｓｉｃａｌｌｙ               ｔｈｒｅａｔｅｎｅｄ,               ｏｒ               ｔｏ               ｐｒｏｔｅｃｔ               ｐｏｓｓｉｂｌｅ               ｉｎｊｕｒｙ               ｏｒ               ｄｅａｔｈ               ｔｏ               ａ               ｔｈｉｒｄ               ｐａｒｔｙ.

Ａｎ               ｅｘａｍｐｌｅ               ｗｏｕｌｄ               ｂｅ               ａ               ｍａｎ               ｗｈｏ               ｉｓ               ｆｏｒｃｅｄ               ａｔ               ｇｕｎ-ｐｏｉｎｔ               ｔｏ               ｐａｒｔｉｃｉｐａｔｅ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｒａｐｉｎｇ               ｏｆ               ａｎｏｔｈｅｒ               ｉｎ               ｏｒｄｅｒ               ｔｏ               ｐｒｅｖｅｎｔ               ｉｎｊｕｒｙ               ｏｒ               ｄｅａｔｈ               ｔｏ               ｈｉｍｓｅｌｆ               ｏｒ               ｔｈｅ               ｔｈｉｒｄ               ｐａｒｔｙ.

Ｔｈｅ               ｃｒｉｍｅ               ｃｏｍｍｉｔｔｅｄ               ｉｎ               ｍｏｓｔ               ｊｕｒｉｓｄｉｃｔｉｏｎｓ               ｍｕｓｔ               ｂｅ               ｌｅｓｓ               ｓｅｒｉｏｕｓ               ｔｈａｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｈａｒｍ               ａｖｏｉｄｅｄ               (Ｖｉｄｅｏ               Ｊｕｄｇｅ,               2010).
               2.

Ｔｗｏ               ｆｏｒｍｓ               ｏｆ               ｉｎｔｏｘｉｃａｔｉｏｎ               ｅｘｉｓｔ:               ｖｏｌｕｎｔａｒｙ               ａｎｄ               ｉｎｖｏｌｕｎｔａｒｙ.

Ｆｅｗ               ｓｔａｔｅｓ               ａｃｃｅｐｔ               ｔｈｅ               ｉｎｔｏｘｉｃａｔｉｏｎ               ｄｅｆｅｎｓｅ               ｄｕｅ               ｔｏ               ｔｈｅ               ｆａｃｔ               ａ               ｖａｓｔ               ｍａｊｏｒｉｔｙ               ｏｆ               ｉｎｄｉｖｉｄｕａｌｓ               ｗｉｌｌｉｎｇｌｙ               ｓｅｌｆ-ｉｎｔｏｘｉｃａｔｅ               ａｎｄ               ｋｎｏｗ               ｔｈｅ               ｅｆｆｅｃｔｓ.

Ｉｎｖｏｌｕｎｔａｒｙ               ｏｃｃｕｒｓ               ｗｈｅｎ               ａｎ               ｉｎｄｉｖｉｄｕａｌ               ｕｎｋｎｏｗｉｎｇｌｙ               ｃｏｎｓｕｍｅｓ               ｓｏｍｅ               ｔｙｐｅ               ｏｆ               ｉｌｌｅｇａｌ               ｄｒｕｇ,               ｓｕｃｈ               ａｓ               ＬＳＤ               ｏｒ               Ｒｏｈｙｐｎｏｌ               ｔｈａｔ               ｒｅｎｄｅｒｓ               ｔｈｅ               ｉｎｄｉｖｉｄｕａｌ               ｈｅｌｐｌｅｓｓ.

Ｉｎ               ａｄｄｉｔｉｏｎ               ａ               ｄｅｆｅｎｓｅ               ｏｆ               ｉｎｖｏｌｕｎｔａｒｙ               ｉｎｔｏｘｉｃａｔｉｏｎ               ｃａｎ               ｂｅ               ｕｓｅｄ               ｄｕｅ               ｔｏ               ｎｏ               ｍｅｎｓ               ｒｅａ               (Ｕｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙ               ｏｆ               Ｐｈｏｅｎｉｘ,               2010).
               3.

Ｔｈｅ               ｄｅｆｅｎｓｅ               ｍｉｓｔａｋｅ               ｉｓ               ａ               ｍｉｓｉｎｔｅｒｐｒｅｔａｔｉｏｎ,               ｍｉｓｕｎｄｅｒｓｔａｎｄｉｎｇ,               ｏｒ               ｆｏｒｇｅｔｆｕｌｎｅｓｓ               ｏｆ               ｓｏｍｅ               ｆａｃｔ               ｔｈａｔ               ｒｅｌａｔｅｓ               ｔｏ               ａ               ｓｉｔｕａｔｉｏｎ.

Ｆｏｒ               ａ               ｍｉｓｔａｋｅ               ｔｏ               ｂｅ               ｕｓｅｄ               ａｎ               ｉｎｄｉｖｉｄｕａｌ               ｔｒｕｔｈｆｕｌｌｙ               ａｎｄ               ｈｏｎｅｓｔｌｙ               ｍｕｓｔ               ｈａｖｅ               ｈａｄ               ｎｏ               ｉｄｅａ               ｔｈｅｙ               ｗｅｒｅ               ｃｏｍｍｉｔｔｉｎｇ               ｏｒ               ｉｎｖｏｌｖｅｄ               ｉｎ               ａ               ｃｒｉｍｅ.

Ａｎ               ｅｘａｍｐｌｅ               ｗｏｕｌｄ               ｂｅ               ｆｏｒ               ａｎ               ｉｎｄｉｖｉｄｕａｌ               ｔｏ               ｇｏ               ｏｎ               ｖａｃａｔｉｏｎ               ｔｏ               Ｃｕｂａ               ａｎｄ               ｗｈｉｌｅ               ｏｎ               ｖａｃａｔｉｏｎ               ｂｒｉｎｇ               ｂａｃｋ               ａ               ｂｏｘ               ｏｆ               Ｃｉｇａｒｓ               ｈｉｓ               ｂｒｏｔｈｅｒ               ｈａｄ               ａｓｋｅｄ               ｆｏｒ               (Ｕｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙ               ｏｆ               Ｐｈｏｅｎｉｘ,               2010).
               4.

Ａｇｅ               ｏｒ               ｉｎｆａｎｃｙ-ｉｍｍａｔｕｒｉｔｙ               ｄｅｆｅｎｓｅ               ｒｅｌｉｅｖｅｓ               ｉｎｄｉｖｉｄｕａｌ               ｙｏｕｔｈ               ｆｒｏｍ               ｃｒｉｍｉｎａｌ               ｌｉａｂｉｌｉｔｙ-ｃｕｌｐａｂｉｌｉｔｙ               ｗｈｏ               ａｒｅ               ｕｎｄｅｒ               ａ               ｓｐｅｃｉｆｉｅｄ               ａｇｅ,               ｓｕｃｈ               ａｓ               ｓｅｖｅｎ.

Ｍｏｓｔ               ｊｕｒｉｓｄｉｃｔｉｏｎｓ               ａｃｒｏｓｓ               ｔｈｅ               Ｕｎｉｔｅｄ               Ｓｔａｔｅｓ               ｗｉｌｌ               ｎｏｔ               ｈｏｌｄ               ａｎｙ               ｃｈｉｌｄ               ｕｎｄｅｒ               ｔｈｅ               ａｇｅ               ｏｆ               ｓｅｖｅｎ               ｌｉａｂｌｅ               ｆｏｒ               ｔｈｅｉｒ               ａｃｔｉｏｎｓ               ｄｕｅ               ｔｏ               ｂｅｌｉｅｖｉｎｇ               ｉｎｄｉｖｉｄｕａｌｓ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｉｓ               ａｇｅ               ｃａｎｎｏｔ               ｅｓｔａｂｌｉｓｈ               ｔｈｅ               ｎｅｃｅｓｓａｒｙ               ｍｅｎｓ               ｒａｅ               ｔｏ               ｃｏｍｍｉｔ               ａｎ               ａｃｔ               ｏｆ               ｖｉｏｌｅｎｃｅ.

Ｍｏｒｅｏｖｅｒ,               ｓｔａｔｅｓ               ｌｉｋｅ               Ｍａｓｓａｃｈｕｓｅｔｔｓ               ｃａｎ               ｃｈａｒｇｅ               ａｎ               ｉｎｄｉｖｉｄｕａｌ               ｂｅｔｗｅｅｎ               ｔｈｅ               ａｇｅｓ               ｏｆ               14               ａｎｄ               17               ａｓ               ａｎ               ａｄｕｌｔ               ｆｏｒ               ｓｅｒｉｏｕｓ               ｃｒｉｍｅｓ               ａｎｄ               17-ｙｅａｒ-ｏｌｄｓ               ｗｉｌｌ               ｂｅ               ｃｈａｒｇｅｄ               ａｓ               ａｄｕｌｔｓ               ｆｏｒ               ｓｅｒｉｏｕｓ               ｃｒｉｍｅｓ               (Ｕｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙ               ｏｆ               Ｐｈｏｅｎｉｘ,               2010).
               5.

Ｆｏｒ               ｔｈｅ               ｅｎｔｒａｐｍｅｎｔ               ｄｅｆｅｎｓｅ               ｔｏ               ｂｅ               ｕｓｅｄ               ｏｎｅ               ｍｕｓｔ               ｐｒｏｖｅ               ｔｈｅ               ｇｏｖｅｒｎｍｅｎｔ               ｃｏｅｒｃｅｄ               ｏｒ               ｒｅｐｅａｔｅｄｌｙ               ｐｒｅｓｓｕｒｅｄ               ｔｈｅ               ｄｅｆｅｎｄａｎｔ               ｉｎｔｏ               ｃｏｍｍｉｔｔｉｎｇ               ａｎ               ｉｌｌｅｇａｌ               ａｃｔ               ｔｈａｔ               ｉｎｄｉｖｉｄｕａｌ               ｕｎｄｅｒ               ｎｏｒｍａｌ               ｃｉｒｃｕｍｓｔａｎｃｅｓ               ｗｏｕｌｄ               ｈａｖｅ               ｎｅｖｅｒ               ｃｏｍｍｉｔｔｅｄ.

Ｔｗｏ               ｍａｉｎ               ｔｅｓｔｓ               ａｒｅ               ｕｓｅｄ               ｔｏ               ｄｅｔｅｒｍｉｎｅ               ｅｎｔｒａｐｍｅｎｔ:               ｓｕｂｊｅｃｔｉｖｅ               ａｎｄ               ｏｂｊｅｃｔｉｖｅ.

Ｓｕｂｊｅｃｔｉｖｅ               ｆｏｃｕｓｅｓ               ｏｎ               ｍｅｎｓ               ｒｅａ               ｗｈｉｌｅ               ｏｂｊｅｃｔｉｖｅ               ｆｏｃｕｓｅｓ               ｏｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｇｏｖｅｒｎｍｅｎｔｓ               ｃｏｎｄｕｃｔ.

Ａｎ               ｅｘａｍｐｌｅ               ｗｏｕｌｄ               ｂｅ               ａｎ               ｕｎｄｅｒｃｏｖｅｒ               ｏｆｆｉｃｅｒ               ｗｈｏ               ｉｓ               ｓｅｌｌｉｎｇ               ｘ-ｒａｔｅｄ               ｍｏｖｉｅｓ               ｔｏ               ａ               ｓｕｓｐｅｃｔ               ａｎｄ               ｒｅｐｅａｔｅｄ               ｏｖｅｒ               ａ               ｐｅｒｉｏｄ               ｏｆ               ｔｉｍｅ               ｂｕｇｓ               ｔｈｅ               ｍａｎ               ｉｎｔｏ               ｐｕｒｃｈａｓｉｎｇ               ｃｈｉｌｄ               ｐｏｒｎ.

Ｔｈｅ               ｍａｎ               ｄｏｅｓ               ｓｏ               ｔｏ               ｍａｋｅ               ｔｈｅ               ｏｆｆｉｃｅｒ               ｓｔｏｐ               ａｓｋｉｎｇ               (Ｗｉｋｉｐｅｄｉａ,               2010).
               6.

Ｎｕｍｅｒｏｕｓ               ｓｙｎｄｒｏｍｅ-ｂａｓｅｄ               ｄｅｆｅｎｓｅｓ               ｅｘｉｓｔ,               ｓｕｃｈ               ａｓ               ｂａｔｔｅｒｅｄ               ｗｏｍｅｎ,               ｂａｔｔｅｒｅｄ               ｃｈｉｌｄ,               ｓｅｘｕａｌ               ａｂｕｓｅ,               ｕｒｂａｎ               ｓｕｒｖｉｖａｌ,               ａｎｄ               ｂｌａｃｋ               ｒａｇｅ.

Ａ               ｓｙｎｄｒｏｍｅ               ｉｓ               ａ               ｍｕｌｔｉｆａｃｅｔｅｄ               ｉｎｄｉｃａｔｏｒ               ｔｈａｔ               ｄｉｓｐｌａｙｓ               ａ               ｃｌｉｎｉｃａｌ               ｐｉｃｔｕｒｅ               ｏｆ               ａ               ｄｉｓｅａｓｅ               ｏｒ               ｄｉｓｏｒｄｅｒ.

Ｔｈｅ               ｄｅｆｅｎｓｅ               ｉｓ               ｐｒｅｄｉｃｔｅｄ               ｏｎ               ｏｒ               ｓｉｇｎｉｆｉｃａｎｔｌｙ               ｅｎｈａｎｃｅｄ               ｂｙ               ａｃｃｅｐｔｉｎｇ               ｔｈｅ               ｓｙｎｄｒｏｍｅ               ａｓ               ａｎ               ｅｘｃｕｓｅ               ｆｏｒ               ｗｈｙ               ｔｈｅ               ｄｅｆｅｎｄａｎｔ               ｅｎｇａｇｅｄ               ｉｎ               ｓｕｃｈ               ｃｒｉｍｉｎａｌ               ａｃｔｉｖｉｔｙ-ｖｉｏｌｅｎｃｅ               Ａｎ               ｅｘａｍｐｌｅ               ｗｏｕｌｄ               ｂｅ               ａ               ｃｈｉｌｄ               ｗｈｏ               ｈａｄ               ｂｅｅｎ               ｓｅｘｕａｌ               ａｂｕｓｅｄ               ｂｙ               ａ               ｐａｒｅｎｔ               ａｎｄ               ａｓ               ａ               ｒｅｓｕｌｔ               ｔｏ               ｅｎｄ               ｔｈｅ               ｓｅｘｕａｌ               ｓｕｆｆｅｒｉｎｇ               ｋｉｌｌｅｄ               ｔｈｅ               ｐａｒｅｎｔ               (Ｐａｒｚｏｎ,               2004,               ｐ.

131-155).
               Ｄｕｅ               ｐｒｏｃｅｓｓ               ｐｒｏｔｅｃｔｓ               ｉｎｄｉｖｉｄｕａｌｓ               ｆｒｏｍ               ｂｅｉｎｇ               ｈｅｌｄ               ｃｒｉｍｉｎａｌｌｙ               ｌｉａｂｌｅ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｅｖｅｎｔ               ｏｎｅ               ｉｓ               ｌｅｇａｌｌｙ               ｉｎｃｏｍｐｅｔｅｎｔ               ｔｏ               ｓｔａｎｄ               ｔｒｉａｌ.

Ｌｅｇａｌｌｙ               ｉｎｃｏｍｐｅｔｅｎｔ               ｗｏｕｌｄ               ｂｅ               ａ               ｈｉｓｔｏｒｙ               ｏｆ               ｍｅｎｔａｌ               ｉｌｌｎｅｓｓ               ｏｒ               ａ               ｍｅｄｉｃａｌ               ｐｒｏｆｅｓｓｉｏｎａｌ               ｗｈｏ               ａｆｔｅｒ               ｃｏｎｄｕｃｔｉｎｇ               ａ               ｓｅｒｉｅｓ               ｏｆ               ｔｅｓｔｓ               ｐｒｏｖｅｄ               ａ               ｍｅｎｔａｌ               ｄｉｓｅａｓｅ               ｏｒ               ｄｅｆｅｃｔ               ｗａｓ               ｐｒｅｓｅｎｔ               ａｎｄ               ｍａｄｅ               ｔｈｅ               ｄｅｆｅｎｄａｎｔ               ｉｎｃａｐａｂｌｅ-ｉｎｃｏｍｐｅｔｅｎｔ               ｏｆ               ｈｉｓ               ｏｒ               ｈｅｒ               ａｃｔｉｏｎｓ.

Ｔｈｉｓ               ｄｅｔｅｒｍｉｎａｔｉｏｎ               ｉｓ               ｅｘｔｒｅｍｅｌｙ               ｉｍｐｏｒｔａｎｔ               ｔｏ               ｄｅｔｅｒｍｉｎｅ               ａｓ               ｉｔ               ａｌｌｏｗｓ               ｔｈｅ               ｃｏｕｒｔｓ               ｔｏ               ｉｓｓｕｅ               ａ               ｐｕｎｉｓｈｍｅｎｔ               ｏｆ               ｊａｉｌ-ｐｒｉｓｏｎ               ｏｒ               ｓｏｍｅ               ｔｙｐｅ               ｏｆ               ｒｅｈａｂｉｌｉｔａｔｉｏｎ-ｐｓｙｃｈｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌ               ｔｒｅａｔｍｅｎｔ               ｆａｃｉｌｉｔｙ.
               Ｓｕｃｈ               ａ               ｃａｓｅ               ｗｏｕｌｄ               ｉｎｖｏｌｖｅ               ａｎ               ｉｎｄｉｖｉｄｕａｌ               ｗｈｏ               ｓｔａｔｅｓ               ｈｅ               ｏｒ               ｓｈｅ               ｉｓ               ｉｎｓａｎｅ               ｏｒ               ｗａｓ               ｔｅｍｐｏｒａｒｉｌｙ               ｉｎｓａｎｅ               ｗｈｅｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｃｒｉｍｅ               ｔｏｏｋ               ｐｌａｃｅ.

Ｔｈｅ               ｃｏｕｒｔｓ               ｕｓｅ               ｔｗｏ               ｅｌｅｍｅｎｔｓ               ｗｈｅｎ               ｄｅｔｅｒｍｉｎｉｎｇ               ａｎ               ｉｎｓａｎｉｔｙ               ｄｅｆｅｎｓｅ:               ｔｈｅｒｅ               ｗａｓ               ａ               ｌａｃｋ               ｏｆ               ｍｅｎｓ               ｒａｅ               ａｎｄ               ａｌｔｈｏｕｇｈ               ｍｅｎｓ               ｒｅａ               ｗａｓ               ｐｒｅｓｅｎｔ               ｔｈｅ               ｄｅｆｅｎｄａｎｔ               ｓｈｏｕｌｄ               ｂｅ               ｒｅｌｉｅｖｅｄ               ｆｒｏｍ               ｐｒｏｓｅｃｕｔｉｏｎ               ｄｕｅ               ｔｏ               ａ               ｍｅｎｔａｌ               ｄｉｓｏｒｄｅｒ               ｏｒ               ｄｉｓｅａｓｅ               (Ｐａｒｚｏｎ,               2004,               ｐ.

131-155).
               Ａｌｌ               ｔｈｅ               ｄｅｆｅｎｓｅｓ               ｐｒｅｓｅｎｔｅｄ               ｗｉｔｈｉｎ               ｔｈｉｓ               ｐａｐｅｒ               ｈａｖｅ               ｂｅｅｎ               ｓｃｒｕｔｉｎｉｚｅｄ               ｉｎ               ｃｏｕｒｔ               ｒｏｏｍｓ               ｔｈｒｏｕｇｈｏｕｔ               ｔｈｅ               Ｕｎｉｔｅｄ               Ｓｔａｔｅｓ.

Ｔｈｏｓｅ               ｏｐｐｏｓｅｄ               ａｎｄ               ｉｎ               ｆａｖｏｒ               ｏｆ               ｓｕｃｈ               ｄｅｆｅｎｓｅｓ               ｗｉｌｌ               ｃｏｎｔｉｎｕｅ               ｔｏ               ｄｅｂａｔｅ               ｗｈｅｔｈｅｒ               ｓｙｎｄｒｏｍｅ-ｂａｓｅｄ               ｄｅｆｅｎｓｅｓ,               ｓｕｃｈ               ａｓ               ｂａｔｔｅｒｅｄ               ｗｏｍｅｎ'ｓ               ｓｙｎｄｒｏｍｅ               ｓｈｏｕｌｄ               ｂｅ               ｕｓｅｄ               ｔｏ               ｒｅｄｕｃｅ               ａ               ｓｅｎｔｅｎｃｅ               ｆｏｒ               ａ               ｗｏｍａｎ               ｗｈｏ               ｕｎｌａｗｆｕｌｌｙ               ｔｏｏｋ               ｔｈｅ               ｌｉｆｅ               ｏｆ               ｈｅｒ               ｐａｒｔｎｅｒ.

Ｎｏ               ｍａｔｔｅｒ               ｗｈａｔ               ｄｅｆｅｎｓｅ               ｒｏｕｔｅ               ａｎ               ａｔｔｏｒｎｅｙ               ｕｓｅｓ               ｉｎ               ｃｏｕｒｔ,               ｆａｃｔｕａｌ               ｏｒ               ｌｅｇａｌ,               ｔｈｅ               ｐｒｏｓｅｃｕｔｏｒ               ａｎｄ               ｄｅｆｅｎｓｅ               ａｔｔｏｒｎｅｙ               ｗｉｌｌ               ｂｅ               ｆｏｒｃｅｄ               ｔｏ               ｐｒｅｓｅｎｔ               ｆａｃｔｓ               ａｎｄ               ｅｖｉｄｅｎｃｅ               ｔｈａｔ               ｗｉｌｌ               ａｓｓｉｓｔ               ｗｉｔｈ               ｗｉｎｎｉｎｇ               ｔｈｅ               ｃａｓｅ.
               Ｒｅｆｅｒｅｎｃｅｓ
               Ｇｏｏｇｌｅ.

(2010).

Ｕｓｅ               ｏｆ               Ｆｏｒｃｅ-Ｄｅａｄｌｙ               Ｆｏｒｃｅ.

Ｒｅｔｒｉｅｖｅｄ               Ｍａｒｃｈ               6,               2010,               ｆｒｏｍ               ｈｔｔｐ://ｗｗｗ.ｇｏｏｇｌｅ.ｃｏｍ/ｓｅａｒｃｈ?ｈｌ=ｅｎ&ｄｅｆｌ=ｅｎ&ｑ=ｄｅｆｉｎｅ:Ｕｓｅ+ｏｆ+ｆｏｒｃｅ&ｅｉ=55ＫＶＳ9ｑＦＯ
               ａＦｍＱｆＣ8ｃＣＰＢＡ&ｓａ=Ｘ&ｏｉ=ｇｌｏｓｓａｒｙ_ｄｅｆｉｎｉｔｉｏｎ&ｃｔ=ｔｉｔｌｅ&ｖｅｄ=0ＣＡＹＱｋＡＥ&ｃｔｓ=1268093759915
               Ｐａｒｚｏｎ,               Ｍ.

(2004,               Ｏｃｔｏｂｅｒ).

Ｔｏｗａｒｄ               ａ               Ｃｕｌｔｕｒｅ-Ｂｏｕｎｄ               Ｓｙｎｄｒｏｍｅ-Ｂａｓｅｄ               Ｉｎｓａｎｉｔｙ               Ｄｅｆｅｎｓｅ.

Ｊｏｕｒｎａｌ               ｏｆ               Ｈｕｍａｎｉｔｉｅｓ,               Ｓｏｃｉａｌ               Ｓｃｉｅｎｃｅｓ               ａｎｄ               Ｌａｗ
               Ｔｅｅｎｓ               Ｈｅａｌｔｈ.

(2010).

Ｓｅｌｆ-Ｄｅｆｅｎｓｅ:               Ｕｓｅ               Ｙｏｕｒ               Ｈｅａｄ.

Ｒｅｔｒｉｅｖｅｄ               Ｍａｒｃｈ               6,               2010,               ｆｒｏｍ               ｈｔｔｐ://ｋｉｄｓｈｅａｌｔｈ.ｏｒｇ/ｔｅｅｎ/ｓａｆｅｔｙ/ｓａｆｅｂａｓｉｃｓ/ｓｅｌｆ_ｄｅｆｅｎｓｅ.ｈｔｍｌ
               Ｕｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙ               ｏｆ               Ｐｈｏｅｎｉｘ,               (2010).

Ｗｅｅｋ               ｔｗｏ               ｏｖｅｒｖｉｅｗ.

Ｒｅｔｒｉｅｖｅｄ               Ｍａｒｃｈ               6,               2010,               ｆｒｏｍ               Ｕｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙ               ｏｆ               Ｐｈｏｅｎｉｘ,               Ｗｅｅｋ               Ｔｗｏ,               ｒＥｓｏｕｒｃｅ.

ＣＪＡ343-Ｉｎｔｅｒｄｉｓｃｉｐｌｉｎａｒｙ               Ｃａｐｓｔｏｎｅ               Ｃｏｕｒｓｅ               Ｗｅｂｓｉｔｅ.
               Ｗｉｋｉｐｅｄｉａ.

(2010).

Ｅｎｔｒａｐｍｅｎｔ:               Ｕｎｉｔｅｄ               Ｓｔａｔｅｓ.

Ｒｅｔｒｉｅｖｅｄ               Ｍａｒｃｈ               6,               2010,               ｆｒｏｍ               ｈｔｔｐ://ｅｎ.ｗｉｋｉｐｅｄｉａ.ｏｒｇ/ｗｉｋｉ/Ｅｎｔｒａｐｍｅｎｔ
               Ｖｉｄｅｏ               Ｊｕｄｇｅ.

(2010).

Ｗｈａｔ               ｉｓ               ｄｕｒｅｓｓ:               Ｕｎｄｅｒ               Ｃｏｎｔｒａｃｔ               Ｌａｗ.

Ｒｅｔｒｉｅｖｅｄ               Ｍａｒｃｈ               7,               2010,               ｆｒｏｍ               ｈｔｔｐ://ｗｗｗ.ｖｉｄｅｏｊｕｇ.ｃｏｍ/ｅｘｐｅｒｔａｎｓｗｅｒ/ｆａｃｔｓ-ａｂｏｕｔ-ｂｒｅａｃｈ-ｏｆ-ｃｏｎｔｒａｃｔ-2/ｗｈａｔ-ｉｓ-ｄｕｒｅｓｓ-ｕｎｄｅｒ-ｃｏｎｔｒａｃｔ-ｌａｗ




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